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Grammar

Verb To Be - Simple Present

Affirmative Form

Full Forms	Contracted Forms	Negative Forms	Interrogative Form
I am	I`m	I am not	Am I?
You are	You`re	You are not	Are you?
He is	He`s	He is not	Is he?
She is	She`s	She is not	Is she?
It is	It`s	It is not	Is it?
We are	We`re	We are not	Are we?
You are	You`re	You are not	Are you?
They are	They`re	They are not	Are they?

Verb To Be - Simple Past

Affirmative Form	Negative Forms	Interrogative Form
I was	I was not	Was I?
You were	You were not	Were you?
He was	He was not	Was he?
She was	She was not	Was she?
It was	It was not	Was it?
We were	We were not	Wre we?
You were	You were not	Were you?
They were	They were not	Were they?

Indefinite article

1. O artigo indefinido só é usado no singular e é invariável no gênero:
- a boy / a girl / a book
- boys / girls / books
  - I saw a boy there
  - I saw boys there

2. O artigo indefinido se apresenta em duas formas:
- a e an

3. A forma a é usada:
- a. antes de som consonantal
  - a band / a school
- b. antes de u e eu quando representam o som /yu/
  - a uniform / a useful book / a European
  - a university / a used car / a euphemism
- mas an umbrella / an unhappy man

4. A forma an é usada:
- a. antes de som vocálico
  - an escape / an apple / an umbrella
- b. antes de h mudo
  - an hour / an honor / an honest man
- mas a house / a horse / a hat

Definite article

1. O artigo definido the é invariável em gênero e número:
- the boy / the girl / the planet
- the boys / the girls / the planets

2. Usa-se o artigo definido nos seguintes casos:
- a. com os números ordinais
  - Is this the first edition?
  - Today is May 6th (May the sixth or the sixth of May)
- b. com o superlativo:
  - He is the tallest boy in class
  - He is the most important person in town
- c. com os nomes de rios, mares, oceanos e cadeias de montanhas
  - the Mississipi
  - the Mediterranean
  - the Pacific
  - the Andes
- d. com adjetivos usados como substantivos
  - the old and the young
  - Os velhos e os pobres
- e. com os nomes de seres de que há só um
  - the Sun
  - the Moon
  - the Milky Way

To Work - Present Continous

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I am working	I am not working	Am I working?
You are working	You are not working	Are you working?
He is working	He is not working	Is he working?
She is working	She is not working	Is she working?
It is working	It is not working	Is it working?
We are working	We are not working	Are we working?
You are working	You are not working	Are you working?
They are working	They are not working	Are they working?

1. Usa-se o present continous para indicar uma ação que ocorre no momento em que é enunciada:
- He is working now
- They are living in England at present

2. Forma-se o present continous com o presente do verbo to be + verbo principal + -ing

3. Preste atenção à grafia:
- a. nos verbos de uma sílaba, terminados por uma consoante precedida de uma vogal , dobra-se a consoante final antes da partícula -ing
  - swim - swimming
  - get - getting
- b. nos verbos de duas sílabas dobra-se a consoante final, se a segunda sílaba for a tônica
  - prefer - preferring
  - begin - beginning
- mas
  - offer - offering
  - open - opening

4. Os verbos terminados em e mudo perdem esta vogal ao receberem -ing
- type - typing - write - writing
- mas
- be - being - see - seeing

5. Verbos terminados em y mantém o y:
- play - playing - study - studying

To Work - Simple Present

Superiority Comparative

Short adjective (1 or 2 sylables)

older than

hotter than

prettier than

Long adjectives (3 or more sylables)

more difficult than

less difficult than

more expensive than

less expensive than

Superlative

Short adjective

the oldest

the hottest

the cheapest

Long adjective

the most expensive

the less expensive

Text

Why in the world

Behaviour is difficult to meaasure, but manu scientists agree about certain differences between the sexes. They say that girls are superior at reading and understanding difficult material, and that they speaks more fluently. Boys are generally better at mathematics.
They are good at reading maps and they are without doubt more aggressive both phisically and verbally. That doesn't mean, of course, that a particular boy is better at math's than a particular girls, or that he is necessarily more aggressive. Scientists are talking about the average.
Aggression in mean probably comes from prehistoric times, when only adept fithters could survive. Anthropologists point out that men were usually hunters or killers. It was rare for women to go to war. If similarities exists between societies, behavioural scientists say they probably stem from biological factors.

The microscope

A mivcroscope is an instrument used to help see things that are too small to see with the naked eye. The word microscope is a combination of two Greek words. The words are mikros, or "small", and skopos, or "watchers". So a microscope is a "watcher of small".
A microscope consists of a series of lenses in a hollow tube. A lens is a transparent piece of glass that makes an object look larger. The lenses in a microscope are called magnifying lenses. The are the top of the tube is called the eyepiece. The lens at the bottom of the tube is called the objective.
A microscope has many uses. Medical scientists use microscopes to see tiny organisms live bacteria that causes diseases. Scientists also use microscopes to look at the structure of metals and the cells of plants.
Microscopes are used in science, medicine and industry.

The Milky Way

If you are under the sky in the desert or in the mountains, on a moonless night, far from the light pollution of the cities, the spectacle overhad is awesome: a river of stars seemingly without number, stretching from horizon from horizon. This great celestial spectacle is the Milky Way, the galaxy which is our home.
When, in 1924, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble annouced that the Andromeda Nebula was not part of the Milky Way but in fact a neighboring galaxy, the field of extragalactic astronomy was born,. This led to an extraordinary insight into the possible structure of the universe.

London`s Park

I`m lying under a tree in St. James Park. There are three downtown parks adjoining each other - St. James and Green, both small, and the big one, Hyde Park.
All the parks in London are very serene, veru gentle. Young couples are going by, arm in arm, quietly, no transistor radios or guitars in hand. Families are picknicking on the lawn sedately. Dogs are going by on leashes, equally sedate, looking neither to the right nor to the left. There is one exception: a woman is coming by with a small gray poodle on a leash. I say hello to the poodle and he veers towards me, always-glad-to-meet-a-friend, but the woman yanks him back.
"Please, don't do that" she says to me sharply. "I'm trying to teach him good manners."
I think, "Pity he can't do that for you."

Terror in a computer world

A virus is basically an information disorder. Biological viruses use the genetic code of living cells to multiply. Like its biological counterpart, a computer virus carries in its instructional code the recipe for making perfect copies of itself. Lodged in a computer, the typical virus takes temporary control of the operating system. When the infected computer comes in contact with a uninfected piece of software a copy of the virus passes into the new program. Thus the infection can be spread from computer to computer.
Viruses can travel from one place to another as fast as a phone call. A single virus can quickly turn up in computers hundred of miles away.
Computer virus can be avoided. Most computers experts warn other users about viruses. "Remember", they say, "only you can prevent a virus epidemic! Don't lend discs. Don't copy software. Don't let anyone touch your computer. Don't panic. Just say no".

The X-Rays

Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad. Also Roentgen. 1845-1923. German physics
- Discovered and studied x-rays (From: The Heritage Illustrated Dictionary)
X-ray, X-rays, ... X-rayed
1. An X-ray is a type of radiation that can pass through most solid materials. X-rays are commonly used by doctors to examine the bones or organs inside your body and at airports to see inside people`s luggage.
2. An X-ray is a picture made by sending X-rays through something, usually someone`s body. She was advised to have an abdominal X-rays.
3. If someone or something is X-rayed, an X-ray picture is taken of them. All hand baggage will be X-rayed ... , They took my pulse, took my bllod pressure, and X-rayed my jaw.
- From Collins Cobuild English Dictiionary)

"Some of the rays were stopped by the bones and produced a clear shadow of the hand's skeleton".
One day in 1895 a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered an astonishing thing. He was experimenting with the electron rays, shooting them at a coated glass screen. Roentgen happened to pass his hands between the rays and the screen. To his amazement, the shadow of the bones inside his hand appeared instead! Most of the rays were passing right to the flesh of his hand lightining the screen, but some of them were stopped by the bones abd produced a clear shadow of the hand's skeleton. Roentgen had discovered the X-rays.

Revision

a, an
- a => a horse (rorse), a university (yuniversiti)
- an => an hour (aur), an x-box (equiboquis)

At, On, In
- at - local e momento específico, horários
  - at home, at school, at work, at church
  - at lunch, at break, at five o'clock
  - at the store, at the market, at the club, at the beach
- on - dia da semana (surface)
  - on TV, on Internet, on the big screen
  - on the beach, on the farm, on the corner
  - on wednesday
- In - data distante (Inside)
  - in 1996
  - in the meeting, in my house

Leave, Live
- To leave => liv, beach => bitii
- To live => liiv

Time
- quarter => 15 minutes
  - 12h15 => a quarter past twelve
  - 01h15 => a quarter past one
  - 01h30 => one a half (réf)

To, To the
- I go to the party, to the club, to the beach
- I go To school, to work
- I go downtown, home

The
- Não distingue singular de plural
- o, a
- os, as

Do, pay, put
- To do - did
  - He did not do
- To pay - paid
  - They did not pay
- To put - put
  - She did not put
- She paid you
  - Did she pay you?

nothing
- Eu não fiz nada
- I did nothing
- I did not do anything

oso, osa
- It is rainy
- It is sunny
- It is cloudy
- It is foggy

Present Progressive/Continous
- To be + ....... ing
  - I Like playing
  - I hate playing
  - I love playing

I want to play
I need to play
I know how to
- It is raining today
- It usually rains on October
- to finish
- to quit
- to enjoy

Past
- To do - did
  - She paid you?
  - Did she pay you?
- To pay - paid
- To put - put

Negative
- Eu não fiz nada
  - I did nothing
  - I didn't do anything

Datas:
- 1845-1923
  - From eighteen-fourty five to nineteen-twenty three

Past continous
- to be + ing
  - I was doing - eu estava fazendo
  - I was teaching - eu estava ensinando
- Were you playing?
- You were nt playing

Preciso, devo
- I have to buy - eu preciso comprar
- I must to buy - eu devo comprar

Past
- To buy - bought

Comparação:
- as (adjective) as => mais alguma coisa que outra
  - It is a good as the blue one => Isto é melhor que um azul
  - He is as smart as her => Ele é mais esperto que ela
- as much as => tanto quanto
  - I like a soccer as much as him => Eu gosto de futebol tanto quanto ele

Look

at

to look

like

I look like my father
She looks friendly
He looks happy

Bill
- This bill is due to
- The bill is due to March, ist

With, To
- I talk to
- I speak with

Know, want
- Do you want to use my clothes => Você quer usar minhas roupas
- Do you know hot to ...

Origem:
- She is different from me
  - Ela é diferente de mim
- A table is different from a desk
  - Uma mesa é diferente de uma escrivaninha
- Is a table different from a desk
  - Uma mesa é diferente de uma escrivaninha?

Saudações:
- Mr. - Senhor
  - mister => no meio da frase e minúsculo
- Mrs. - Senhora
  - misses => no meio da frase e minúsculo
- Ms. - Senhorita
  - miss => no meio da frase e minúsculo
- Sir. - cavalheiro
- Madam - Madame
  - ma'am - no meio da frase

Numbers

One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven => ileven
Twelve
Thirteen => trertin
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty => Tueni
Twenty-one
Twenty-two

30 Thirty => tar ri
40 Fourty
50 Fifty
60 Sixty
70 Seventy
80 Eighty
90 Ninety
100 One hundred

Vocabulary

Inglês
# A little bit => um pouquinho
# About => aproximadamente, sobre
# Already
# Animal
# Beans
# Boss
# Chicken
# City
# Clean the house
# Cooker => fogão
# Country
# Course
# Cow
# Director
# Door
# Drills => pŕatica
# French fries => chips
# Friendly
# Have a nice easter
# Haze - neblina
# Help
# Here
# Horse
# If
# lawn - gramado
# Lawn =: gramado
# leashes - coleira
# Leashes => coleira
# Lodged - interposto
# Lying - deitado, mentindo
# Magazine
# Maid => Meiri
# Meal
# Money
# Month
# More
# Neighbor => niguibour
# Newspaper
# NightStand => criado-mudo

# Office => Ofis
# Often
# Ox - Oxes
# Parents => pérentis (pais)
# Pie => torta
# Pig
# Plane
# Pork
# Relative => parentes
# Rice
# Rope
# Salad => Seled
# sedate - calmo
# Sedate => calmo
# Slip
# Sofa
# Soap-opera => novela
# State
# Test
# Then
# There
# This afternoon
# This morning
# Ticket
# Tired
# To borrow
# To close
# To cook
# To get up
# To have breakfast
# To have dinner
# To have lunch
# To have supper
# To help
# To know
# To leave => liiivi
# To lend => emprestar
# To live => lívi
# To lodged => alocar
# To open
# To prefer => prifer
# To read
# To tie => amarrar
# To turn up - aparecer, virar para cima
# To wirte
# Until
# Usually => iusualli
# Very
# What
# Window
# Writing

Pork
Pig
Parents => pérentis (pais)
Relative => parentes
Boss
Money
Here
There
Month
What
Very
Course
This morning
This afternoon
To help
To know
To read
To wirte
Newspaper
Magazine
Animal
Horse
Ox - Oxes
Cow
Chicken
About => aproximadamente, sobre
To open
To close
To live => lívi
To leave => liiivi
To prefer => prifer
Door
Window
Neighbor => niguibour
Usually => iusualli
Until
More
Test
Office => Ofis
Already
Ticket
Then
City
State
Country
Rice
Beans
Salad => Seled
To get up
To have breakfast
To have lunch
To have supper
To have dinner
lawn - gramado
sedate - calmo
leashes - coleira
To turn up - aparecer, virar para cima
Lodged - interposto
Lying - deitado, mentindo
Haze - neblina
Sedate => calmo
Lawn =: gramado
Leashes => coleira
To lend => emprestar
To borrow
To lodged => alocar
Help
Meal
To tie => amarrar
Writing
Slip
Rope
To cook
Cooker => fogão
Friendly
Plane
French fries => chips
Sofa
Pie => torta
Clean the house
A little bit => um pouquinho
Tired
Director
If
Often
Noi problem!
Maid => Meiri
Have a nice easter
NightStand => criado-mudo
Drills => pŕatica
Cup => xicara
Mug => caneca
Glass => copo, vidro
Soda - pop => refri
Astonishing => estonteante
Coated => blindada
Amazement => deslumbramento
Instead => em vez disso

accelerator => acelerador
clutch => embreagem
freio => break
gearshift => cambio
volante => steering wheels
vidro => windshield
para-brisas => windshiled wipers
trunk => porta-mala
rear view => retrovisor
bancos => seats
seat belt => cinto de segurança
buzina => horn
lights => faróis
blinkers => setas
engine => motor
spark plug => vela
battery => bateria
radiator => radiador
exhaust => escapamento
gas tank => tanque de gasolina

Table cloth => Toalha de mesa
Mug => Caneca
Straw => Canudo
Tooth pick => Palito
Tooth pick holder => Paliteiro
Coffee table => Mesa do café
Napkin => Guardanapo
Siveware => Prataria, talheres
Can opener => Abridor de lata
Radio
To set table => Por a mesa
I am sure => Estou certo
It is over => Acabou
To take a look => Dar uma olhadinha
Wait a moment => Aguarde um momento
It is up to you => Você quem sabe
To look over the Internet => Procurar na Internet

Table cloth => toalha de mesa
Mug => caneca
Straw => Canudo
Tooth pick => Palito
Cofee table => Mesa do café
Napkin => guardanapo
Spoon => colher
Fork => garfo
Knife => Faca
Silver ware => prataria
Can opener => Abridor de lata
Radio
Gas tank
Trunk => Caminhão
Moment => Momento
To set the table =>
I'm sure => Estou certo
It's over => Acabou
To take a look => dar uma olhadinha
Wait a moment => Espere um momento
It's up to you => Vc que sabe
To look over the Internet => Procurar na Internet

Exercise I

Translate the sentences into English:

. Fazer \ pagar \pôr
1. . To Do
2. . To Pay
3. . To Put
. Eu nunca faço isso
1. . I never do it that
. Ela não fez nada
1. . She didn't do anything
. Você fez tudo o que eu queria?
1. . Did you do everything I wanted?
. O que eles estão fazendo?
1. . What are they doing?
. Eu coloquei meu celular na mesa
1. . I put my cell on the table
. Ele não colocou o livro aqui.
1. . He didn't put the book here.
. O que eles colocaram na bolsa?
1. . What did they put in the bag?
. Elas colocaram tudo na bolsa.
1. . They put everything in the bag.
. Alguém está fazendo isto para ele.
1. . Someone is doing this for him.
. Eu não conheço ninguém aqui.
1. . I don't know anybody here.
. Você conhece alguém lá?
1. . Do you know anyone there?
. Ninguém está pronto para ir.
1. . Nobody is ready to go.
. Esta é a primeira vez que eu falo inglês \ francês \viajo.
1. . This is the first time I speak english
2. . This is the first time I speak french
3. . This is the first time I travel.
. O que eles fizeram nas férias? \na escola \aqui?
1. . What did they do on vacation?
2. . What did they do at school?
3. . What did they do here?
. Você ajudou o homem na esquina? \na rua \com o projeto?
1. . Did you help the man on the corner?
2. . Did you help the man in the street.
3. . Did you help the man with the project.
. O carro é caro ou barato? \produto \máquina
1. . Is the car expensive or cheap?
2. . Is the product expensive or cheap?
3. . Is the machine expensive or cheap?
. Eu quero terminar este livro agora. \este mes \esta semana
1. . I want to finish this book now.
2. . I want to finish this month.
3. . I want to finish this week.
. Ele é muito lento. \rápidpo \esquecido \teimoso.
1. . He is very slow. very fast.
2. . He isvery forgetfull.
3. . He isvery stubborn.
4. . spoiled => mimada
5. . too slow => lento demais
. Eu visitei alguém especial ontem. \não visitei.
1. . I visited someone special yesterday.
2. . I didn't visit anyone special yesterday.
. Você tem um ótimo carro. \emprego \ideia.
1. . You have a great car.
2. . You have a great job.
3. . You have a great idea.
. Ele está trabalhando muito rápido. \aprendendo.
1. . He is working very fast.
2. . He is learning very fast.
. Eu não entendi porque meu médico me telefonou. \perguntou.
1. . I didn't understand why my doctor called me.
2. . I didn't understand why my doctor asked me.
3. . (phoned)
. Ela está esperando por você. \mim \nós.
1. . She is waiting for you.
2. . She is waiting for me.
3. . She is waiting for us.
. Estou quase pronto. \ela \nós.
1. . I am almost ready.
2. . She is almost ready. .
3. . We are almost ready. .
. Ela está muito doente. \triste \atrasada. \
1. . She is very sick.
2. . She is very sad.
3. . She is very late.
. Qual canção você quer cantar? \prefere \escolhe
1. . What song do you want to sing?
2. . What song do you prefer to?
3. . What song do you choose?
. Eu trabalho em frente a minha casa. \estudo.
1. . I work in front of my house.
2. . I study in front of my house.
. Quem está esperando por você? \trabalhando \estudando
1. . Who is waiting for you?
2. . Who is working for you?
3. . Who is studying for you?
. Eles comeram todo o bolo. \torta \sobremesa
1. . They ate all the cake.
2. . They ate all the pie.
3. . They ate all the dessert.
. Eu fui ao interior. \nós \eles
1. . I went to the countryside.
2. . We went to the countryside.
3. . They went to the countryside.
. Eu vim ao Brasil. \ela \ele \nós.
1. . I came to Brazil.
2. . She came to Brazil.
3. . He came to Brazil.
4. . They came to Brazil.
. Quando você leu pela última vez? \estudou
1. . When did you read for last time?
2. . When did you study
. Ela não tomou o remédio? \eu \vocês
1. . She didnn't take the medicine.
. Eles não conversaram conosco. \com ela \com ele
1. . They didn't talk to us.
2. . They didn't talk to her.
3. . They didn't talk to him.
4. . (speak => with)
. Eu não estava doente. \ela \ele \nós \você
1. . I was not sick.
2. . She was not sick.
3. . He was not sick.
4. . You was not sick.
. Eles estavam juntos \comigo. \ela estava comigo \com você
1. . They were together.
2. . They were with me.
3. . She was with me.
4. . She was with you.
. Eles eram amigos. \nós \vocês.
1. . They were friends.
2. . We were friends.
3. . You were friends.
. Eu não estava lá. \ela \nós \eles
1. . I was not there.
2. . She was not there.
3. . We were not there.
4. . They were not there.
. Eu levo meus filhos à escola. \ao clube \à igreja
1. . I take my children to school.
2. . I take my children to the club.
3. . I take my children to church.
. Como você sabe, eu estudo muito. \trabalho \durmo
1. . As you know, I study a lot.
2. . As you know, I work a lot
3. . As you know, I sleep a lot
. Eu era, \fui \estava \eles eram \foram \estavam
1. . I was.
2. . I was.
3. . They were.
4. . They were.
5. . They were.

Exercise II

Would you like to drink a mug of milk or a glass of juice?
What is the matter with your clucth and the steering wheel?
I left my spare tire at home.
My gas tank is barely full;
Do you have a resumé.
Are your car breaks ok?

Inglës Básico

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